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** Thesaurus-1911 **
** Version 1.02 (supplemented: July 18, 1991) **
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<-- An electronic thesaurus derived from the version of Roget's Thesaurus
published in 1911.
This thesaurus has been prepared by MICRA, Inc. (May 1991).
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MICRA, Inc. makes no representation that the original 1911 printed
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Note that this version of Thesaurus-1911 has been supplemented with
over 1,000 words not present in the original 1911 edition, but many modern
words are still missing. About 1500 verbs (out of 6500) which can be found
in an 80,000-word spell-checker are absent from this work. The deficiency
of nouns is probably much worse, especially on technical topics. Of 40,000
unique words contained in the original text, 12,000 are not recognized by a
spell-checker. Most of these are foreign words (primarily Latin), and many
are obsolete. In this version, these words are marked as such by comments
in square brackets. Although this version has been proof-read, there are
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if any of these are brought to our attention; the corrections will appear
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The original arrangement has also been modified slightly in several
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In this file, comments which are not a proper part of the thesaurus
itself are contained within arrow brackets thus: <-- comment -->.
Section headings, which are not an actual part of the thesaurus
proper, are included between percent (%) markers.
Occasional references to numbers starting with "@" are the embryonic
beginnings of a reorganized version, mentioned below. A few comments are
also included within curly brackets {}.
Last edit 12-20-91.
============================================

The following additional differences will be noted between this version
and the original edition of the printed 1911 thesaurus:
(1) the space-saving abbreviations in the original, using hyphens to
represent common words, prefixes or suffixes, have been expanded
into the full words or phrases.
(2) the side-by-side format for words and their opposites has been
abandoned. Words are listed in order of their entry number.
(3) each main entry (1035 entries) has a pound sign "#" in front of
the number to facilitate computerized search.
(4) Greek words and phrases are transliterated and included between
brackets in the format .
(5) where italics occurred in the original, italics are used in the
Microsoft Word format file. In the plain ASCII file, this
formatting is lost.
(6) in the original book, words which were obsolete (in 1911) were
marked with a dagger. In this version, those words are marked with a
vertical bar ("|").
Some of the words which were still current in 1911, but are no longer
found in a current college-size dictionary (presently obsolete words),
or which are no longer used in the specific indicated sense, have been
marked with a bar followed by an exclamation point "|!". However,
this marking process has just commenced, and only a small portion of
the words which are now obsolete have been thus marked. Most though
not all of the foreign-language phrases are now obsolete.
The "obsolete" notation [obs3] indicates that the previous word (or
some word in the previous phrase) is not recognized by the word
processor's spelling checker, and also is either NOT in a modern
college-sized dictionary, or is noted there as being "ARCHAIC".
(7) the approximate location of the bottom of each page in the original
1911 printed book is indicated by a comment of the form:
<-- p. 23 -->. To search for a page, note that there are two spaces
between the "p." and the page number.
(8) This file contains only the main body of the thesaurus. Neither
outline nor index are contained here. The outline with an overview
of the organization of the concepts is contained in a separate file,
"outline.doc", on the distribution disk.

This first edition of this supplemented 1911 thesaurus (June 1991) is
very much less complete than the latest editions of commercial thesauri,
and is probably not suitable for use as an adjunct to word-processing
programs, but it has no proprietary claims attached to it by MICRA, Inc.,
and does not contain any material published commercially after 1911.
Future (copyrighted) versions of this thesaurus are planned, which
will be reorganized in a hierarchical fashion to maximize the ability to
take advantage of inheritance of semantic characteristics from higher
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THESAURUS OF ENGLISH WORDS AND PHRASES

CLASS I
WORDS EXPRESSING ABSTRACT RELATIONS

SECTION I. EXISTENCE

1. BEING, IN THE ABSTRACT
%

#1. Existence.-- N. existence, being, entity, ens[Lat], esse[Lat],
subsistence.
reality, actuality; positiveness &c. adj.; fact, matter of fact, sober
reality; truth &c. 494; actual existence.
presence &c. (existence in space) 186; coexistence &c. 120.
stubborn fact, hard fact; not a dream &c. 515; no joke.
center of life, essence, inmost nature, inner reality, vital
principle.
[Science of existence], ontology.
V. exist, be; have being &c. n.; subsist, live, breathe, stand,
obtain, be the case; occur &c. (event) 151; have place, prevail; find
oneself, pass the time, vegetate.
consist in, lie in; be comprised in, be contained in, be constituted
by.
come into existence &c. n.; arise &c. (begin) 66; come forth &c.
(appear) 446.
become &c. (be converted) 144; bring into existence &c. 161.
abide, continue, endure, last, remain, stay.
Adj. existing &c. v.; existent, under the sun; in existence &c. n.;
extant; afloat, afoot, on foot, current, prevalent; undestroyed.
real, actual, positive, absolute; true &c. 494; substantial,
substantive; self-existing, self-existent; essential.
well-founded, well-grounded; unideal[obs3], unimagined; not potential
&c. 2; authentic.
Adv. actually &c. adj.; in fact, in point of fact, in reality; indeed;
de facto, ipso facto.
Phr. ens rationis[Lat]; ergo sum cogito: "thinkest thou existence doth
depend on time?" [Lat][Byron].

#2. Inexistence.-- N. inexistence[obs3]; nonexistence, nonsubsistence;
nonentity, nil; negativeness &c. adj.; nullity; nihility[obs3], nihilism;
tabula rasa[Lat], blank; abeyance; absence &c. 187; no such thing &c. 4;
nonbeing, nothingness, oblivion.
annihilation; extinction &c. (destruction) 162; extinguishment,
extirpation, Nirvana, obliteration.
V. not exist &c. 1; have no existence &c. 1; be null and void; cease
to exist &c. 1; pass away, perish; be extinct, become extinct &c. adj.; die
out; disappear &c. 449; melt away, dissolve, leave not a rack behind; go,
be no more; die &c. 360.
annihilate, render null, nullify; abrogate &c. 756; destroy &c. 162;
take away; remove &c. (displace) 185; obliterate, extirpate.
Adj. inexistent[obs3], nonexistent &c. 1; negative, blank; missing,
omitted; absent &c. 187; insubstantial, shadowy, spectral, visionary.
unreal, potential, virtual; baseless, in nubibus[Lat]; unsubstantial
&c. 4; vain.
unborn, uncreated[obs3], unbegotten, unconceived, unproduced, unmade.
perished, annihilated, &c. v.; extinct, exhausted, gone, lost,
vanished, departed, gone with the wind; defunct &c. (dead) 360.
fabulous, ideal &c. (imaginary) 515, supposititious &c. 514.
Adv. negatively, virtually &c. adj.
Phr. non ens[Lat].

<-- p. 1 -->

%
2. BEING, IN THE CONCRETE
%

#3. Substantiality. -- N. substantiality, hypostasis; person, being,
thing, object, article, item; something, a being, an existence; creature,
body, substance, flesh and blood, stuff, substratum; matter &c. 316;
corporeity[obs3], element, essential nature, groundwork, materiality,
substantialness, vital part.
[Totality of existences], world &c. 318; plenum.
Adj. substantive, substantial; hypostatic; personal, bodily, tangible
&c. (material) 316; corporeal.
Adv. substantially &c. adj.; bodily, essentially.

#4. Unsubstantiality. -- N. unsubstantiality[obs3], insubstantiality;
nothingness, nihility[obs3]; no degree, no part, no quantity, no thing.
nothing, naught, nil, nullity, zero, cipher, no one, nobody; never a
one, ne'er a one[contr]; no such thing, none in the world; nothing
whatever, nothing at all, nothing on earth; not a particle &c. (smallness)
32; all talk, moonshine, stuff and nonsense; matter of no importance,
matter of no consequence, thing of naught, man of straw, John Doe and
Richard Roe, faggot voter; nominis umbra[Lat], nonentity; flash in the pan,
vox et praeterea nihil[Lat].
shadow; phantom &c.(fallacy of vision) 443; dream &c. (imagination)
515; ignis fatuus &c. (luminary) 423[Lat]; "such stuff as dreams are made
of" [Tempest]; air, thin air, vapor; bubble &c. 353; "baseless fabric of
a vision" [Tempest]; mockery.
hollowness, blank; void &c. (absence) 187.
inanity, fool's paradise.
V. vanish, evaporate, fade, dissolve, melt away; disappear &c. 449.
Adj. unsubstantial; baseless, groundless; ungrounded; without
foundation, having no foundation.
visionary &c. (imaginary) 515; immaterial &c. 137; spectral &c. 980;
dreamy; shadowy; ethereal, airy; cloud built, cloud formed; gossamery,
illusory, insubstantial, unreal.
vacant, vacuous; empty &c. 187; eviscerated; blank, hollow; nominal;
null; inane.
Phr. there's nothing in it; "an ocean of dreams without a sound"
[Shelley].

%
3. FORMAL EXISTENCE

Internal conditions
%

#5. Intrinsicality.-- N. intrinsicality[obs3], inbeing[obs3],
inherence, inhesion[obs3]; subjectiveness; ego; egohood[obs3]; essence,
noumenon; essentialness[obs3] &c. adj.; essential part, quintessence,
incarnation, quiddity, gist, pith, marrow, core, sap, lifeblood, backbone,
heart, soul; important part &c. (importance) 642.
principle, nature, constitution, character, type, quality,
crasis[obs3], diathesis[obs3].
habit; temper, temperament; spirit, humor, grain; disposition.
endowment, capacity; capability &c. (power) 157.
moods, declensions, features, aspects; peculiarities &c. (speciality)
79; idiosyncrasy, oddity; idiocrasy &c. (tendency) 176[obs3]; diagnostics.
V. be in the blood, run in the blood; be born so; be intrinsic &c.
adj.
Adj. derived from within, subjective; intrinsic, intrinsical[obs3];
fundamental, normal; implanted, inherent, essential, natural; innate,
inborn, inbred, ingrained, inwrought; coeval with birth, genetous[obs3],
haematobious[obs3], syngenic[obs3]; radical, incarnate, thoroughbred,
hereditary, inherited, immanent; congenital, congenite|; connate, running
in the blood; ingenerate[obs3], ingenite|; indigenous; in the grain &c. n.;
bred in the bone, instinctive; inward, internal &c. 221; to the manner
born; virtual.
characteristic &c. (special) 79, (indicative) 550; invariable,
incurable, incorrigible, ineradicable, fixed.
Adv. intrinsically &c. adj.; at bottom, in the main, in effect,
practically, virtually, substantially, au fond; fairly.
Phr. "character is higher than intellect" [Emerson]; "come give us a
taste of your quality" magnos homines virtute metimur non fortuna [Lat][
Hamlet][Nepos]; non numero haec judicantur sed pondere [Lat][Cicero];
"vital spark of heavenly flame" [Pope].

%
External conditions
%

#6. Extrinsicality.-- N. extrinsicality[obs3], objectiveness, non ego;
extraneousness &c. 57; accident; appearance, phenomenon &c. 448.
Adj. derived from without; objective; extrinsic, extrinsical[obs3];
extraneous &c. (foreign) 57; modal, adventitious; ascititious[obs3],
adscititious[obs3]; incidental, accidental, nonessential; contingent,
fortuitous.
implanted, ingrafted[obs3]; inculcated, infused.
outward, apparent &c. (external) 220.
Adv. extrinsically &c. adj.

<-- p. 2 -->

%
4. MODAL EXISTENCE

Absolute
%

#7. State. -- N. state, condition, category, estate, lot, ease, trim,
mood, pickle, plight, temper; aspect &c. (appearance) 448, dilemma, pass,
predicament.
constitution, habitude, diathesis[obs3]; frame, fabric &c. 329; stamp,
set, fit, mold, mould.
mode, modality, schesis[obs3]; form &c. (shape) 240.
tone, tenor, turn; trim, guise, fashion, light, complexion, style,
character.
V. be in a state, possess a state, enjoy a state, labor under a state
&c. n.; be on a footing, do, fare; come to pass.
Adj. conditional, modal, formal; structural, organic.
Adv. conditionally &c. adj.; as the matter stands, as things are; such
being the case &c. 8.

%
Relative
%

#8. Circumstance. -- N. circumstance, situation, phase, position,
posture, attitude, place, point; terms; regime; footing, standing, status.
occasion, juncture, conjunctive; contingency &c. (event) 151.
predicament; emergence, emergency; exigency, crisis, pinch, pass,
push; occurrence; turning point.
bearings, how the land lies.
surroundings, context, environment 229a[TE 232]; location 184.
contingency, dependence (uncertainty) 475; causation 153, attribution
155.
Adj. circumstantial; given, conditional, provisional; critical; modal;
contingent, incidental; adventitious &c. (extrinsic) 6; limitative[obs3].
Adv. in the circumstances, under the circumstances &c. n., the
circumstances, conditions &c. 7; thus, in such wise.
accordingly; that being the case, such being the case, in view of the
circumstances; that being so, sith[obs3], since, seeing that.
as matters stand; as things go, as times go.
conditionally, provided, if, in case; if so, if so be, if it be so;
depending on circumstances, in certain circumstances, under certain
conditions; if it so happen, if it so turn out; in the event of; in such a
contingency, in such a case, in such an event; provisionally, unless,
without.
according to circumstances, according to the occasion; as it may
happen, as it may turn out, as it may be; as the case may be, as the wind
blows; pro re nata[Lat].
Phr. "yet are my sins not those of circumstance" [Lytton].

<-- p. 3 -->

%
SECTION II. RELATION

1. ABSOLUTE RELATION
%

#9. Relation. -- N. relation, bearing, reference, connection,
concern, cognation; correlation &c. 12; analogy; similarity &c. 17;
affinity, homology, alliance, homogeneity, association; approximation &c.
(nearness) 197; filiation &c. (consanguinity) 11[obs3]; interest; relevancy
&c. 23; dependency, relationship, relative position.
comparison &c. 464; ratio, proportion.
link, tie, bond of union.
V. be related &c. adj.; have a relation &c. n.; relate to, refer to;
bear upon, regard, concern, touch, affect, have to do with; pertain to,
belong to, appertain to; answer to; interest.
bring into relation with, bring to bear upon; connect, associate, draw
a parallel; link &c. 43.
Adj. relative; correlative &c. 12; cognate; relating to &c. v.;
relative to, in relation with, referable or referrible to[obs3]; belonging
to &c. v.; appurtenant to, in common with.
related, connected; implicated, associated, affiliated, allied to; en
rapport, in touch with.
approximative[obs3], approximating; proportional, proportionate,
proportionable; allusive, comparable.
in the same category &c. 75; like &c. 17; relevant &c. (apt) 23;
applicable, equiparant[obs3].
Adv. relatively &c. adj.; pertinently &c. 23.
thereof; as to, as for, as respects, as regards; about; concerning &c.
v.; anent; relating to, as relates to; with relation, with reference to,
with respect to, with regard to; in respect of; while speaking of, a propos
of[Fr]; in connection with; by the way, by the by; whereas; for as much
as, in as much as; in point of, as far as; on the part of, on the score
of; quoad hoc[Lat]; pro re nata[Lat]; under the head of &c. (class) 75 of;
in the matter of, in re.
Phr. "thereby hangs a tale" [Taming of the Shrew].

#10. [Want, or absence of relation.] Irrelation. -- N.
irrelation[obs3], dissociation; misrelation[obs3]; inapplicability;
inconnection[obs3]; multifariousness; disconnection &c. (disjunction) 44;
inconsequence, independence; incommensurability; irreconcilableness &c.
(disagreement) 24; heterogeneity; unconformity &c. 83; irrelevancy,
impertinence, nihil ad rem[Lat]; intrusion &c. 24; non-pertinence.
V. have no relation to &c. 9; have no bearing upon, have no concern
with &c. 9, have no business with; not concern &c. 9; have no business
there, have nothing to do with,
intrude &c. 24.
bring in head and shoulders, drag in head and shoulders, lug in head
and shoulders.
Adj. irrelative[obs3], irrespective, unrelated; arbitrary;
independent, unallied; unconnected, disconnected; adrift, isolated,
insular; extraneous, strange, alien, foreign, outlandish, exotic.
not comparable, incommensurable, heterogeneous; unconformable &c. 83.
irrelevant, inapplicable; not pertinent, not to the, purpose; impertinent,
inapposite, beside the mark, a propos de bottes[Fr]; aside from the
purpose,, away from the purpose,, foreign to the purpose, beside the
purpose, beside the question, beside the transaction, beside the point;
misplaced &c. (intrusive) 24; traveling out of the record.
remote, far-fetched, out of the way, forced, neither here nor there,
quite another thing; detached, segregate; disquiparant[obs3].
multifarious; discordant &c. 24.
incidental, parenthetical, obiter dicta, episodic.
Adv. parenthetically &c. adj.; by the way, by the by; en passant[Fr],
incidentally; irrespectively &c. adj.; without reference to, without regard
to; in the abstract &c. 87; a se.

#11. [Relations of kindred.] Consanguinity. -- N. consanguinity,
relationship, kindred, blood; parentage &c. (paternity) 166;
filiation[obs3], affiliation; lineage, agnation[obs3], connection,
alliance; family connection, family tie; ties of blood; nepotism.
kinsman, kinfolk; kith and kin; relation, relative; connection;
sibling, sib; next of kin; uncle, aunt, nephew, niece; cousin, cousin-
german[obs3]; first cousin, second cousin; cousin once removed, cousin
twice &c. removed; near relation, distant relation; brother, sister, one's
own flesh and blood.
family, fraternity; brotherhood, sisterhood, cousinhood[obs3].
race, stock, generation; sept &c. 166; stirps, side; strain; breed, clan,
tribe, nation.
V. be related to &c. adj. claim relationship with &c. n. with.
Adj. related, akin, consanguineous, of the blood, family, allied,
collateral; cognate, agnate, connate; kindred; affiliated; fraternal.

<-- p. 4 -->

intimately related, nearly related, closely related, remotely related,
distantly related, allied; german.

#12. [Double or reciprocal relation.] Correlation. -- N.
reciprocalness &c. adj[obs3].; reciprocity, reciprocation; mutuality,
correlation, interdependence, interrelation, connection, link, association;
interchange &c. 148; exchange, barter.
reciprocator, reprocitist.
V. reciprocate, alternate; interchange &c. 148; exchange;
counterchange[obs3].
Adj. reciprocal, mutual, commutual[obs3], correlative, reciprocative,
interrelated, closely related; alternate; interchangeable; interdependent;
international; complemental, complementary.
Adv. mutually, mutatis mutandis[Lat]; vice versa; each other, one
another; by turns &c. 148; reciprocally &c. adj.
Phr. "happy in our mutual help" [Milton].

#13. Identity. -- N. identity, sameness; coincidence, coalescence;
convertibility; equality &c. 27; selfness[obs3], self, oneself;
identification.
monotony, tautology &c. (repetition) 104.
facsimile &c. (copy) 21; homoousia; alter ego &c. (similar) 17[obs3];
ipsissima verba &c. (exactness) 494[Lat]; same; self, very, one and the
same; very thing, actual thing; real McCoy; no other; one and only; in the
flesh.
V. be identical &c. adj.; coincide, coalesce, merge.
treat as the same, render the same, identical; identify; recognize
the identity of.
Adj. identical; self, ilk; the same &c. n. selfsame, one and the same,
homoousian[obs3].
coincide, coalescent, coalescing; indistinguishable; one; equivalent
&c. (equal) 27; tweedle dee and tweedle dum[Lat]; much the same, of a
muchness[obs3]; unaltered.
Adv. identically &c. adj.; on all fours.

#14. [Noncoincidence.] Contrariety.-- N. contrariety, contrast, foil,
antithesis, oppositeness; contradiction; antagonism &c. (opposition) 708;
clashing, repugnance.
inversion &c. 218; the opposite, the reverse, the inverse, the
converse, the antipodes, the antithesis, the other extreme.
V. be contrary &c. adj.; contrast with, oppose; diller toto coelo[Lat].
invert, reverse, turn the tables; turn topsy-turvy, turn end for end,
turn upside down, turn inside out.
contradict, contravene; antagonize &c. 708.
Adj. contrary, contrarious[obs3], contrariant[obs3]; opposite,
counter, dead against; converse, reverse; opposed, antithetical,
contrasted, antipodean, antagonistic, opposing; conflicting, inconsistent,
contradictory, at cross purposes; negative; hostile &c. 703. differing toto
coelo[Lat]; diametrically opposite; diametrically opposed; as opposite as
black and white, as opposite as light and darkness, as opposite as fire and
water, as opposite as the poles; as different as night and day; "Hyperion
to a satyr"[ Hamlet]; quite the contrary, quite the reverse; no such thing,
just the other way, tout au contraire[Fr].
Adv. contrarily &c. adj.; contra, contrariwise, per contra, on the
contrary, nay rather; vice versa; on the other hand &c. (in compensation)
30.
Phr. "all concord's born of contraries" [B. Jonson]. Thesis,
antithesis, synthesis [Marx].

#15. Difference. -- N. difference; variance, variation, variety;
diversity, dissimilarity &c. 18; disagreement &c. 24; disparity &c.
(inequality) 28; distinction, contradistinction; alteration.
modification, permutation, moods and tenses.
nice distinction, fine distinction, delicate distinction, subtle
distinction; shade of difference, nuance; discrimination &c. 465;
differentia.
different thing, something else, apple off another tree, another pair
of shoes; horse of a different color; this that or the other.
V. be different &c. adj.; differ, vary, ablude|, mismatch, contrast;
divaricate; differ toto coelo[Lat], differ longo intervallo[It].
vary, modify &c. (change) 140.
discriminate &c. 465.
Adj. differing &c. v.; different, diverse, heterogeneous,
multifarious, polyglot; distinguishable, dissimilar; varied, modified;
diversified, various, divers, all manner of, all kinds of; variform &c.
81[obs3]; daedal[obs3].
other, another, not the same; unequal &c. 28. unmatched; widely apart,
poles apart, distinctive, characteristic; discriminative; distinguishing.
incommensurable, incommensurate.
Adv. differently &c. adj.
Phr. il y a fagots et fagots.