Book: The Forty Niners

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"Toll the bell, sir, and you'll see," was the reply[8].

[8: Bancroft, _Popular Tribunals_, 11, 695.]







BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE


California has been fortunate in her historians. Every student of the
history of the Pacific coast is indebted to the monumental work of
Hubert H. Bancroft. Three titles concern the period of the Forty-niners:
_The History of California_, 7 vols. (1884-1890); _California Inter
Pocula, 1848-56_ (1888); _Popular Tribunals_, 2 vols. (1887). Second
only to these volumes in general scope and superior in some respects is
T.H. Hittell's _History of California_, 4 vols. (1885-1897). Two other
general histories of smaller compass and covering limited periods are
I.B. Richman's _California under Spain and Mexico, 1535-1847_ (1911),
and Josiah Royce's _California, 1846-1856_ (1886). The former is a
scholarly but rather arid book; the latter is an essay in interpretation
rather than a narrative of events. One of the chief sources of
information about San Francisco in the days of the gold fever is _The
Annals of San Francisco_ (1855) by Soule and others.

Contemporary accounts of California just before the American occupation
are of varying value. One of the most widely read books is R.H. Dana's
_Two Years before the Mast_ (1840). The author spent parts of 1835 and
1836 in California. _The Personal Narrative of James O. Pattie_ (1831)
is an account of six years' travel amid almost incredible hardships from
St. Louis to the Pacific and back through Mexico. W.H. Thomes's _On Land
and Sea, or California in the Years 1843, '44, and '45_ (1892) gives
vivid pictures of old Mexican days. Two other books may be mentioned
which furnish information of some value: Alfred Robinson, _Life in
California_ (1846) and Walter Colton, _Three Years in California_
(1850).

Personal journals and narratives of the Forty-niners are numerous, but
they must be used with caution. Their accuracy is frequently open to
question. Among the more valuable may be mentioned Delano's _Life on the
Plains and among the Diggings_ (1854); W.G. Johnston's _Experience of a
Forty-niner_ (1849); T.T. Johnson's _Sights in the Gold Region and
Scenes by the Way_ (1849); J.T. Brooks's _Four Months among the
Gold-Finders_ (1849); E.G. Buffum's _Six Months in the Gold Mines_
(1850)--the author was a member of the "Stevenson Regiment"; James
Delevan's _Notes on California and the Placers: How to get there and
what to do afterwards_ (1850); and W.R. Ryan's _Personal Adventures in
Upper and Lower California, in 1848-9_ (1850).

Others who were not gold-seekers have left their impression of
California in transition, such as Bayard Taylor in his _Eldorado_, 2
vols. (1850), and J.W. Harlan in his _California '46 to '88_ (1888). The
latter was a member of Fremont's battalion. The horrors of the overland
journey are told by Delano in the book already mentioned and by W.L.
Manly, _Death Valley in '49_ (1894).

The evolution of law and government in primitive mining communities is
described in C.H. Shinn's _Mining Camps. A Study in American Frontier
Government_ (1885). The duties of the border police are set forth with
thrilling details by Horace Bell, _Reminiscences of a Ranger or Early
Times in Southern California_ (1881). An authoritative work on the
Mormons is W.A. Linn's _Story of the Mormons_ (1902).

For further bibliographical references the reader is referred to the
articles on _California, San Francisco, The Mormons_, and _Fremont_, in
_The Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 11th Edition.




INDEX

Alvarado, Governor of California, 15-16, 18, 23
"Arcadian Age," 58-62
Ashe, Richard, 251, 252

Baker, Edward, Colonel, 236, 244
"Bear Flag Revolution," 32-36
Benton, T.H., father-in-law to Fremont, 29;
exerts influence in Fremont's behalf, 40
Bluxome, Isaac, 202, 204
Bovee, 253
Bowie, 251, 252
Brannan, Sam, 56-57, 155, 189

Cahuenga, Treaty of (1847), 42
California, inhabitants, 1
occupation by Spain, 2 et seq
classes, 5-6
life of early settlers, 6 et seq
advent of foreign residents, 13 et seq
population in 1840, 16-17
arrival of two parties of settlers (1841), 17
Fremont's expedition, 29
military conquest by U.S., 30 et seq.
Mexican laws in, 46-50;
constitutional convention (1849), 50-52
influence of discovery of gold, 52-54
overland migration to, 67 et seq
journey by way of Panama to, 96 et seq
life in the gold fields, 107 et seq
city life in 1849, 119 et seq
law, 174-176; politics, 176-180
financial stringency (1855), 181-183
_California Star_, the, 123
Carson, Kit, 38
Casey, J.P., 191, 192 et seq, 220 et seq
Chagres in 1849, 99-100
Cole, Beverly, 202
Coleman, W.T., 201, 202, 204, 205, 211 et seq, 251
Cora, Charles, trial of, 189-191
re-trial by Vigilantes, 225-226


_Daily Evening Bulletin_, 184-188, 190
Delano, 75
Dempster, Clancey, 201, 202, 204
Den, Nicholas, 14
Doane, Charles, 219
Donner party, 26
Dows, James, 202
Duane, Charles, 235
Durkee, John, 249-251

Farragut, David, 242
Farwell, 201
Fremont, J.C., expedition, 29 et seq
personal characteristics, 40-41, 44-45
negotiates treaty with Californians, 42
appointed Governor of California, 42
asks permission to form expedition against Mexico, 43-44
court-martialed and dismissed from service, 44
Gatun in 1849, 100-01
Gavilan Peak, U.S. flag raised at, 30
Gift, Colonel, 218
Gillespie, Lieutenant, 30, 31-32
Gold, influence of discovery upon life in California, 52-54;
discovered by Marshall (1848), 55;
news brought to East, 62;
influence in Europe, 65-66;
the diggings, 106 et seq.
Graham, Isaac, 15-16
Green, Talbot, 172

Harlan, William, account of overland journey, 68-69;
quoted, 121;
experience in San Francisco, 128;
Hartnell, 14
_Herald_, 200
Hittell, T.H., recounts incidents of overland journey, 70, 72
Hopkins, Sterling, 251, 252
Hossefross, 202
"Hounds," The, 137-39
Howard, Volney, 241, 244, 245, 246

Ide, W.B., 34
Indian menace to immigrant trains, 71

Jenkins, John, trial of, 153-156
Johnson, J.N., Governor of California, 210 et seq.
Johnston, Captain, 38

Kearny. General Stephen Watts, 37 et seq.
Kearny, Woolley, 235
Kelly, John, 115
King, James, of William, 183, 184 et seq., 207-08, 227

Larkin, T.O., 28-29
"Law and Order" party, 179, 208;
clash with Vigilantes, 236 et seq.
Leese, Jacob, 33

McGlynn, J.A., 129-30
McGowan, Edward, 195-96, 235
McLean, William, 235
McNabb, 252
Maloney, Rube, 248, 251, 252
Marshall, James, discovers gold, 55
Mason, Colonel R.B., 46
Meiggs, Harry, 172
Merritt, 33
Mesa, Battle of the, 41
Mexican government in California,
attitude toward settlers, 17-19, 27
Mexican War, influence upon affairs in California, 35
Missions established by "Sacred Expedition," 3
Montgomery, Lieutenant, 35
Mormons, 19-20, 56-57, 77 et seq.
Mountain Meadows massacre, 95
Musgrave, J.D., 235

Oregon question, effect upon Western migration, 20-21, 55
Oregon Trail, 21-22

Panama as a route to California, 96 et seq.
Panama, city of, in 1849, 102-103
Pattie, James, 14
Pico, Andres, 37
Portola, 2
Pratt, P.P., 80

"Regulators," the, 136-37
Richardson, William, 189
Rigdon, Sidney, 80
Rowe, 252
Ryan, W.R., quoted, 7, 120-21

"Sacred Expedition," 2
San Diego, first mission founded (1769), 13
San Francisco,
before discovery of gold, 123;
effect of discovery of gold, 123-24;
in 1849, 124 et seq.;
fire of Dec. 4, 1849, 141;
later fires, 142;
Volunteer Fire Department, 143-46;
civic progress, 146-49;
population in 1851, 150-51;
in the mid-fifties, 159 et seq.
San Gabriel River, Battle of (1847), 41
San Pascual, Battle of, 38
Santa Fe, 14
Semple, 33
Serra, Father Junipero, 2
Sherman, W.T., 208-09, 242-243, 245
Sloat, Commodore J.D., 35, 36
Smith, Growling, 48
Smith, Jedediah, 15
Smith, Joseph, Jr.,
founder of the Mormon Church, 77-79;
as a leader, 79-80;
death, 85
Smith, Peter, claims against city of San Francisco, 170
Sonoma captured, 32-35
Spain,
religious occupation of California, 2 et seq.;
discourages immigration into, 13
Spence, David, 14
Stockton, Robert, Commodore, 36 et seq.;
quarrels with Kearny, 38-39
Stuart, James, 151-52
_Sunday Times_, the, 192
Sutler, Captain J.A., 23-26
Sutter's Fort, 24, 25, 29, 30, 33, 106
"Sydney Ducks," 136, 234

Terry, Judge, 241, 242, 243, 245-46, 251, 252
Thomes, W.H., quoted, 9
_Three Weeks in the Gold Mines_, Simpson, 64
Truett, 201, 220, 251

Vallejo, General, 18
Vigilantes,
of 1851, 150 et seq.;
of 1856, 231 et seq.

Walker, Joseph, 29, 30
White, James, 235
Wightman, Peter, 235
Wool, General, 242

Yerba Buena, _see_ San Francisco
Young, Brigham, 85-88, 89, 90, 91

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