Book: History of Friedrich II of Prussia V 20

T >> Thomas Carlyle >> History of Friedrich II of Prussia V 20




Wied, divided into Three, is diligently pushing up on Ludwigsdorf
by the slacker eastern ascents; meets firm enough battalions,
potent, dangerous and resolute in their strong posts; but endeavors
firmly to be more dangerous than they. Dislodges everything, on his
right, on his left; comes in sight of the batteries and ranked
masses atop, which seem to him difficult indeed; flatly impossible,
if tried on front; but always some Colonel Lottum, or quick-eyed
man, finds some little valley, little hollow; gets at the Enemy
side-wise and rear-wise; rushes on with fixed bayonets, double-
quick, to co-operate with the front: and, on the whole, there are
the best news from Wied, and we perceive he sees his way through
the affair.

Upon which, Mollendorf gets in motion, upon his specific errand.
Mollendorf has been surveying his ground a little, during the
leisure hour; especially examining what mode of passage there may
be, and looking for some road up those slacker western parts:
has found no road, but a kind of sheep track, which he thinks will
do. Mollendorf, with all energy, surmounting many difficulties,
pushes up accordingly; gets into his sheep-track; finds, in the
steeper part of this track, that horses cannot draw his cannon;
sets his men to do it; pulls and pushes, he and they, with a right
will;--sees over his left shoulder, at a certain point, the ranked
Austrians waiting for him behind their cannon (which must have been
an interesting glimpse of scenery for some moments); tugs along,
till he is at a point for planting his cannon; and then, under help
of these, rushes forward,--in two parts, perhaps in three, but with
one impetus in all,--to seize the Austrian fruit set before him.
Surely, if a precious, a very prickly Pomegranate, to clutch hold
of on different sides, after such a climb! The Austrians make stiff
fight; have abatis, multiplex defences; and Mollendorf has a
furious wrestle with this last remnant, holding out wonderfully,--
till at length the abatis itself catches fire, in the musketry, and
they have to surrender. This must be about noon, as I collect:
and Feldmarschall Daun himself now orders everybody to fall back.
And the tug of fight is over;--though Friedrich's scenic effects
did not cease; and in particular his big battery raged till 5 in
the afternoon, the more to confirm Daun's rearward resolutions and
quicken his motions. On fall of night, Daun, everybody having had
his orders, and been making his preparations for six hours past,
ebbed totally away; in perfect order, bag and baggage. Well away to
southward; and left Friedrich quit of him. [Tempelhof. vi. 100-115:
compare Bericht von der bey Leutmannsdorf den 21sten
Julius 1762 vorgefallenen Action (Seyfarth,
Beylagen, iii. 302-308); Anderweiter Bericht
von der &c. (ib. 308-314); Archenholtz, &c. &c.]

Quit of Daun forevermore, as it turned out. Plainly free, at any
rate, to begin upon Schweidnitz, whenever he sees good. Of the
behavior of Wied, Mollendorf, and their people, indeed of the
Prussians one and all, what can be said, but that it was worthy of
their Captain and of the Plannings he had made? Which is saying a
great deal. "We got above 14 big guns," report they; "above 1,000
prisoners, and perhaps twice as many that deserted to us in the
days following." Czernichef was full of admiration at the day's
work: he marched early next morning,--I trust with lasting
gratitude on the part of an obliged Friedrich.

Some three weeks before this of Burkersdorf, Duke Ferdinand, near a
place called Wilhelmsthal, in the neighborhood of Cassel, in woody
broken country of Hill and Dale, favorable for strategic
contrivances, had organized a beautiful movement from many sides,
hoping to overwhelm the too careless or too ignorant French, and
gain a signal victory over them: BATTLE, so called, OF
WILHELMSTHAL, JUNE 24th, 1762, being the result. Mauvillon never
can forgive a certain stupid Hanoverian, who mistook his orders;
and on getting to his Hill-top, which was the centre of all the
rest,--formed himself with his BACK to the point of attack;
and began shooting cannon at next to nothing, as if to warn the
French, that they had better instantly make off! Which they
instantly set about, with a will; and mainly succeeded in;
nothing all day but mazes of intricate marching on both sides, with
spurts of fight here and there,--ending in a truly stiff bout
between Granby and a Comte de Stainville, who covered the retreat,
and who could not be beaten without a great deal of trouble.
The result a kind of victory to Ferdinand; but nothing like what he
expected. [Mauvillon, ii. 227-236; Tempelhof, vi. &c. &c.]

Soubise leads the French this final Year; but he has a D'Estrees
with him (our old D'Estrees of HASTENBECK), who much helps the
account current; and though generally on the declining hand
(obliged to give up Gottingen, to edge away farther and farther out
of Hessen itself, to give up the Weser, and see no shift but the
farther side of Fulda, with Frankfurt to rear),--is not often
caught napping as here at Wilhelmsthal. There ensued about the
banks of the Fulda, and the question, Shall we be driven across it
sooner or not so soon? a great deal of fighting and pushing (Battle
called of LUTTERNBERG, Battle of JOHANNISBERG, and others): but all
readers will look forward rather to the CANNONADE OF AMONEBURG,
more precisely Cannonade of the BRUCKEN-MUHLE (September 2lst),
which finishes these wearisome death-wrestlings. Peace is coming;
all the world can now count on that!

Bute is ravenous for Peace; has been privately taking the most
unheard-of steps:--wrote to Kaunitz, "Peace at once and we will
vote for your HAVING Silesia;" to which Kaunitz, suspecting
trickery in artless Bute, answered, haughtily sneering, "No help
needed from your Lordship in that matter!" After which repulse, or
before it, Bute had applied to the Czar's Minister in London:
"Czarish Majesty to have East Preussen guaranteed to him, if he
will insist that the King of Prussia DISPENSE with Silesia;"
which the indignant Czar rejected with scorn, and at once made his
Royal Friend aware of; with what emotion on the Royal Friend's part
we have transiently seen. "Horrors and perfidies!" ejaculated he,
in our hearing lately; and regarded Bute, from that time, as a
knave and an imbecile both in one; nor ever quite forgave Bute's
Nation either, which was far from being Bute's accomplice in this
unheard-of procedure. "No more Alliances with England!" counted he:
"What Alliance can there be with that ever-fluctuating People?
To-day they have a thrice-noble Pitt; to-morrow a thrice-paltry
Bute, and all goes heels-over-head on the sudden!" [Preuss, ii.
308; Mitchell, ii. 286.]

Bute, at this rate of going, will manage to get hold of Peace
before long. To Friedrich himself, a Siege of Schweidnitz is now
free; Schweidnitz his, the Austrians will have to quit Silesia.
"Their cash is out: except prayer to the Virgin, what but Peace can
they attempt farther? In Saxony things will have gone ill, if there
be not enough left us to offer them in return for Glatz. And Peace
and AS-YOU-WERE must ensue!"

Let us go upon Schweidnitz, therefore; pausing on none of these
subsidiary things; and be brief upon Schweidnitz too.



Chapter XII.

SIEGE OF SCHWEIDNITZ: SEVENTH CAMPAIGN ENDS.

Daun being now cleared away, Friedrich instantly proceeds upon
Schweidnitz. Orders the necessary Siege Materials to get under way
from Neisse; posts his Army in the proper places, between Daun and
the Fortress,--King's head-quarter Dittmannsdorf, Army spread in
fine large crescent-shape, to southwest of Schweidnitz some ten
miles, and as far between Daun and it;--orders home to him his
Upper-Silesia Detachments, "Home, all of you, by Neisse Country, to
make up for Czernichef's departure; from Neisse onwards you can
guard the Siege-Ammunition wagons!" Naturally he has blockaded
Schweidnitz, from the first; he names Tauentzien Siege-Captain,
with a 10 or 12,000 to do the Siege: "Ahead, all of you!"--and in
short, AUGUST 7th, with the due adroitness and precautions, opens
his first parallel; suffering little or nothing hitherto by a
resistance which is rather vehement. [Tempelhof, vi. 126.]
He expects to have the place in a couple of weeks--"one week (HUIT
JOUR)" he sometimes counts it, but was far out in his reckoning as
to time.

The Siege of Schweidnitz occupied two most laborious, tedious
months;--and would be wearisome to every reader now, as it was to
Friedricb then, did we venture on more than the briefest outline.
The resistance is vehement, very skilful:--Commandant is Guasco
(the same who was so truculent to Schmettau in the Dresden time);
his Garrison is near 12,000, picked from all regiments of the
Austrian Army; his provisions, ammunitions, are of the amplest;
and he has under him as chief Engineer a M. Gribeauval, who
understands "counter-mining" like no other. After about a fortnight
of trial, and one Event in the neighborhood which shall be
mentioned, this of Mining and Counter-mining--though the External
Sap went restlessly forward too, and the cannonading was incessant
on both sides--came to be regarded more and more as the real
method, and for six or seven weeks longer was persisted in, with
wonderful tenacity of attempt and resistance. Friedrich's chief
Mining Engineer is also a Frenchman, one Lefebvre; who is
personally the rival of Gribeauval (his old class-fellow at
College, I almost think); but is not his equal in subterranean
work,--or perhaps rather has the harder task of it, that of Mining,
instead of COUNTER-mining, or SPOILING Mines. Tempelhof's account
of these two people, and their underground wrestle here, is really
curious reading;--clear as daylight to those that will study, but
of endless expansion (as usual in Tempelhof), and fit only to be
indicated here. [Tempelhof, vi. 122-219; Bericht und
Tagebuch von der Belagerung von Schweidnitz vom 7ten August bis 9
October, 1762 (Seyfarth, Beylagen, italic> iii. 376-479); Archenholtz, Retzow, &c.]

The external Event I promised to mention is an attempt on Daun's
part (August 16th) to break in upon Friedrich's position, and
interrupt the Siege, or render it still impossible. Event called
the BATTLE OF REICHENBACH, though there was not much of battle in
it;--in which our old friend the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern (whom we
have seen in abeyance, and merely a Garrison Commandant, for years
back, till the Russians left Stettin to itself) again played a
shining part.

Daun--at Tannhausen, 10 miles to southwest of Friedrich, and spread
out among the Hills, with Loudons, Lacys, Becks, as lieutenants,
and in plenty of force, could he resolve on using it--has at last,
after a month's meditation, hit upon a plan. Plan of flowing round
by the southern skirt of Friedrich, and seizing certain Heights to
the southeastern or open side of Schweidnitz,--Koltschen Height the
key one; from which he may spread up at will, Height after Height,
to the very Zobtenberg on that eastern side, and render Schweidnitz
an impossibility. The plan, people say, was good; but required
rapidity of execution,--a thing Daun is not strong in.

Bevern's behavior, too, upon whom the edge of the matter fell, was
very good. Bevern, coming on from Neisse and Upper Silesia, had
been much manoeuvred upon for various days by Beck; Beck, a
dangerous, alert man, doing his utmost to seize post after post,
and bar Bevern's way,--meaning especially, as ultimate thing, to
get hold of a Height called Fischerberg, which lies near
Reichenbach (in the southern Schweidnitz vicinities), and is
preface to Koltschen Height and to the whole Enterprise of Daun.
In most of which attempts, especially in this last, Bevern, with
great merit, not of dexterity alone (for the King's Orders had
often to be DISobeyed in the letter, and only the spirit of them
held in view), contrived to outmanoeuvre Beck; and be found (August
13th) already firm on the Fischerberg, when Beck, in full
confidence, came marching towards it. "The Fischerberg lost to us!"
Beck had to report, in disappointment. "Must be recovered, and my
grand Enterprise no longer put off!" thinks Daun to himself, in
still more disappointment ("Laggard that I am!").--And on the third
day following, the BATTLE OF REICHENBACH ensued. Lacy, as chief,
with abundant force, and Beck and Brentano under him: these are to
march, "Recover me that Fischerberg; it is the preface to Koltschen
and all else!" [Tempelhof, vi. 144.]

MONDAY, AUGUST 16th, pretty early in the day, Lacy, with his Becks
and Brentanos, appeared in great force on the western side of
Fischerberg; planted themselves there, about the three Villages of
Peilau (Upper, Nether and Middle Peilau, a little way to south of
Reichenbach), within cannon-shot of Bevern; their purpose
abundantly clear. Behind them, in the gorges of the Mountains, what
is not so clear, lay Daun and most of his Army; intending to push
through at once upon Koltschen and seize the key, were this of
Fischerberg had. Lacy, after reconnoitring a little, spreads his
tents (which it is observable Beck does not); and all Austrians
proceed to cooking their dinner. "Nothing coming of them till
to-morrow!" said Friedrich, who was here; and went his way home, on
this symptom of the Austrian procedures;--hardly consenting to
regard them farther, even when he heard their cannonade begin.

Lacy, the general composure being thus established, and dinner well
done, suddenly drew out about five in the evening, in long strong
line, before these Hamlets of Peilau, on the western side of the
Fischerberg; Beck privately pushing round by woods to take it on
the eastern side: and there ensued abundant cannonading on the part
of Lacy and Brentano, and some idle flourishing about of horse,
responded to by Bevern; and, on the part of Lacy and Brentano,
nothing else whatever. More like a theatre fight than a real one,
says Tempelhof. Beck, however, is in earnest; has a most difficult
march through the tangled pathless woods; does arrive at length,
and begin real fighting, very sharp for some time; which might have
been productive, had Lacy given the least help to it, as he did
NOT. [Tempelhof, vi. 146-151.] Beck did his fieriest; but got
repulsed everywhere. Beck tries in various places; finds swamps,
impediments, fierce resistance from the Bevern people;--finds, at
length, that the King is awake, and that reinforcements, horse,
foot, riding-artillery, are coming in at the gallop; and that he,
Beck, cannot too soon get away.

None of the King's Foot people could get in for a stroke, though
they came mostly running (distance five miles); but the Horse-
charges were beautifully impressive on Lacy's theatrical
performers, as was the Horse-Artillery to a still more surprising
degree; and produced an immediate EXEUNT OMNES on the Lacy part.
All off; about 7 P.M.,--Sun just going down in the autumn sky;--and
the Battle of Reichenbach a thing finished. Seeing which, Daun also
immediately withdrew, through the gorges of the Mountains again.
And for seven weeks thenceforth sat contemplative, without the
least farther attempt at relief of Schweidnitz. It was during those
seven weeks, some time after this, that poor Madam Daun, going to a
Levee at Schonbrunn one day, had her carriage half filled with
symbolical nightcaps, successively flung in upon her by the Vienna
people;--symbolical; in lieu of Slashing Articles, and Newspapers
the best Instructors, which they as yet have not.

Next day the Joy-fire of the Prussians taught Guasco what disaster
had happened; and on the fifth day afterwards (August 22d), hearing
nothing farther of Daun, Guasco offered to surrender, on the
principle of Free Withdrawal. "No, never," answered Tauentzien, by
the King's order: "As Prisoners of War it must be!" Upon which
Guasco stood to his defences again; and maintained himself,--
Gribeauval and he did,--with an admirable obstinacy: the details of
which would be very wearisome to readers. Gribeauval and he, I
said; for from this time, Engineer Lefebvre, though he tried (with
bad skill, thinks Tempelhof) some bits of assault above ground,
took mainly to mining, and a grand underground invention called
GLOBES DE COMPRESSION; which he reckoned to be the real sovereign
method,--unlucky that he was! I may at least explain what GLOBE DE
COMPRESSION is; for it becomes famous on this occasion, and no name
could be less descriptive of the thing. Not a GLOBE at all, for
that matter, nor intended to "compress," but to EXpress, and
shatter to pieces in a transcendent degree: it is, in fact, a huge
cubical mine-chamber, filled by a wooden box (till Friedrich, in
his hurry, taught Lefebvre that a sack would do as well), loaded
with, say, five thousand-weight of powder. Sufficient to blow any
horn-work, bastion, bulwark, into the air,--provided you plant it
in the right place; which poor Lefebre never can. He tried, with
immense labor, successively some four or almost five of these
"PRESS BALLS" so called (or Volcanoes in Little); mining on, many
yards, 15 or 20 feet underground (tormented by Gribeauval all the
way); then at last, exploding his five thousand-weight,--would
produce a "Funnel," or crater, of perhaps "30 yards in diameter,"
but, alas, "150 yards OFF any bastion." Funnel of no use to him;--
mere sign to him that he must go down into it, and begin there
again; with better aim, if possible. And then Gribeauval's
tormentings; never were the like! Gribeauval has, all round under
the Glacis, mine-galleries, or main-roads for Counter-mining, ready
to his hand (mine-galleries built by Friedrich while lately
proprietor); there Gribeauval is hearkening the beat of Lefebvre's
picks: "Ten yards from us, think you? Six yards? Get a 30
hundredweight of chamber ready for him!" And will, at the right
moment, blow Lefebvre's gallery about his ears;--sometimes bursts
in upon him bodily with pistol and cutlass, or still worse, with
explosive sulphur-balls, choke-pots and infinitudes of mal-odor
instantaneously developed on Lefebvre,--which mean withal, "You
will have to begin again, Monsieur!" Enough to drive a Lefebvre out
of his wits. Twice, or oftener, Lefebvre, a zealous creature but a
thin-skinned, flew out into open paroxysm; wept, invoked the gods,
threatened suicide: so that Friedrich had to console him, "Courage,
you will manage it; make chicanes on Gribeauval, as he does on
you,"--and suggested that powder-SACK instead of deal-box, which we
just mentioned.

Friedrich's patience seems to have been great; but in the end he
began to think the time long. He was in three successive head-
quarters, Dittmannsdorf, Peterswaldau, Bogendorf, nearer and
nearer; at length quite near (Bogendorf within a couple of miles);
and wondering Gazetteers reported him on horseback, examining
minutely the parallels and siege-works,--with a singular
indifference to the cannon-balls flying about ("Not easy to hit a
small object with cannon!"), and intent only on giving Tauentzien
suggestions, admonitions and new orders. Here, prior to Bogendorf,
are three snatches of writing, which successively have indications
for us. KING TO PRINCE HENRI:--

PETERSWALDAU, AUGUST 13th, 1762 (King has just shifted hither,
August 10th, on the Bevern-REICHENBACH score; continues here till
September 23d). ... "You are right to say, 'We ourselves are our
best Allies.' I am of the same opinion; nevertheless, it is a clear
duty and call of prudence to try and alleviate the burden as much
as possible: and I own to you, that if, after all I have written,
the thing fails this time [as it does], I shall be obliged to grant


MAP GOES HERE--FACING PAGE 152, CHAP XII, BOOK 20------


that there is nothing to be made of those Turks."--"We are now in
the press of our crisis as to Schweidnitz. The Siege advances
beautifully: but Beck is come hereabouts, Lacy masked behind him;
and I cannot yet tell you [not till REICHENBACH and the 16th]
whether the Enemy intends some big adventure for disengaging
Schweidnitz, or will content himself with disturbing and
annoying us."

PETERSWALDAU, 9th SEPTEMBER. Springs, water-threads coming into our
mines delay us a little: "by the 12th [in 3 days' time, little
thinking it would be 30 days!] I still hope to despatch you a
courier with the news, All is over! Your Nephew [Prince of Prussia]
is out to-day assisting in a forage; he begins to kindle into fine
action. We are nothing but pygmies in comparison to him [in point
of physical stature]; imagine to yourself Prince Franz [of
Brunswick; killed, poor fellow, at Hochkirch], only taller still:
this is the figure of him at present."

PETERSWALDAU, SEPTEMBER 19th. ... "Our Siege wearies all the world;
people persecute me to know the end of it; I never get a Berlin
Letter without something on that head;--and I have no resource
myself but patience. We do all we can: but I cannot hinder the
enemy from defending himself, and Gribeauval from being a clever
fellow:--soon, however, surely soon, soon, we shall see the end.
Our weather here is like December; the Seasons are as mad as the
Politics of Europe. Finally, my dear Brother, one must shove Time
on; day follows day, and at last we shall catch the one that ends
our labors. Adieu; JE VOUS EMBRASSE." [Schoning, iii. 403, 430,
446.]--Here farther, from the Siege-ground itself, are some
traceries, scratchings by a sure hand, which yield us something of
image. Date is still only "BEFORE Schweidnitz," far on in the
eighth week:--

SEPTEMBER 23d. "This morning, before 9, the King [direct from
Peterswaldau, where he has been lodging hitherto,--must have
breakfasted rather early] came into the Lines here:--his quarter is
now to be at Bogendorf near hand, in a Farm house there. The Prince
of Prussia was riding with him, and Lieutenant-Colonel von Anhalt
[the Adjutant whom we have heard of]: he looked at the Battery"
lately ordered by him; "looked at many things; rode along, a good
100 yards inside of the vedettes; so that the Enemy noticed him,
and fired violently,"--King decidedly ignoring. "To Captain
Beauvrye [Captain of the Miners] he paid a gracious compliment;
Major Lefebvre he rallied a little for losing heart, for bungling
his business; but was not angry with him, consoled him rather;
bantered him on the shabbiness of his equipments, and made him a
gift of 400 thalers (60 pounds), to improve them. Lefebvre,
Tauentzien and" another General "dined with him at Bogendorf
to-day." ["Captain Gotz's NOTE-book" (a conspicuous Captain here,
Note-book still in manuscript, I think): cited in SCHONING, iii.
453 et seq.]

SEPTEMBER 24th, EARLY. "The King on horseback viewed the trenches,
rode close behind the first parallel, along the mid-most
communication-line: the Enemy cannonaded at us horribly
(ERSCHRECKLICH); a ball struck down the Page von Pirch's horse
[Pirch lay writhing, making moan,--plainly overmuch, thought the
King]: on Pirch's accident, too, the Prince of Prussia's horse made
a wild plunge, and pitched its rider aloft out of the saddle;
people thought the Prince was shot, and everybody was in horror:
great was the commotion; only the King was heard calling with a
clear voice, 'PIRCH, VERGISS ER SEINEN SATTEL NICHT,--Pirch, bring
your saddle with you!'"

This of Pirch and the saddle is an Anecdote in wide circulation;
taken sometimes as a proof of Royal thrift; but is mainly the Royal
mode of rebuking Pirch for his weak behavior in the accident that
had befallen. Pirch, an ingenious handy kind of fellow, famed for
his pranks and trickeries in those Page-days, had many adventures
in the world;--was, for one while, something of a notability among
the French; will "teach you the Prussian mode of drill," and
actually got leave to try it "on the German Regiments in our
service:" [Voltaire's wondering Report of him ("Ferney, 7th
December, 1774"), and Friedrich's quiet Answer ("Berlin, 28th Dec.
1774"): in OEuvres de Frederic, xxiii. 297,
301. Rodenbeck (ii. 198-200) haa a slight "BIOGRAPHY" of Pirch.]--
died, finally, as Colonel of one of these, at the Siege of
Gibraltar, in 1783.

SEPTEMBER 25th. "Morning and noon, each time two hours, the King
was in his new batteries; and, with great satisfaction, watched the
working of them. This day there dined with him the Prince of
Bernburg [General of Brigade here], Tauentzien, Lefebvre and
Dieskau" (head of the Artillery).

The King is always riding about; has now, virtually, taken charge
of the Siege himself. "In Bogendorf, the first night, he dismissed
the Guard sent for him; would have nothing there but six chasers
(JAGER):" an alarming case! "After a night or two, there came
always, without his knowledge, a dragoon party of 30 horse;
took post behind Bogendorf Church, patrolled towards Kunzendorf,
Giesdorf, and had three pickets."

SEPTEMBER 28th. "Gribeauval has sprung a mine last night;"
totally blown up Lefebvre again! "Engineer-Lieutenants Gerhard and
Von Kleist were wounded by our own people; Captain Guyon was shot:"
things all going wrong,--weather, I suspect also, bad. "The King
was in dreadful humor (SEHR UNGNADIG); rated and rebuked to right
and left: 'If it should last till January, the Attack must go on.
Nobody seems to be able for his business; Lefebvre a blockhead
(DUMMER TEUFEL), who knows nothing of mining: the Generals, too,
where are they? Every General henceforth is to take his place in
the third parallel, at the head of his Covering-Party [most exposed
place of all], and stay his whole twenty-four hours there [Prince
of Anhalt-Bernburg is Covering-Party today; I hope, in his post
during this thunder!]: Taken the Place can and must be! We have the
misfortune, That a stupid Engineer who knows nothing of his art has
the direction; and a General without sense in Sieging has the
command. Everybody is at a NON PLUS, it appears! Not all our
Artillery can silence that Front-fire; not in a single place can
Thirty stupid Miners get into the Fort.' To-day and yesterday the
King spoke neither to General Tauentzien nor to Major Lefebvre;
Lieutenant-Colonel von Anhalt had to give all the Orders."
An electric kind of day!

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