Book: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 4

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CADMUS, in Greek legend, son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia and brother of
Europa. After his sister had been carried off by Zeus, he was sent out to
find her. Unsuccessful in his search, he came in the course of his
wanderings to Delphi, where he consulted the oracle. He was ordered to give
up his quest and follow a cow which would meet him, and to build a town on
the spot where she should lie down exhausted. The cow met him in Phocis,
and guided him to Boeotia, where he founded the city of Thebes. Intending
to sacrifice the cow, he sent some of his companions to a neighbouring
spring for water. They were slain by a dragon, which was in turn destroyed
by Cadmus; and by the instructions of Athena he sowed its teeth in the
ground, from which there sprang a race of fierce armed men, called Sparti
(sown). By throwing a stone among them Cadmus caused them to fall upon each
other till only five survived, who assisted him to build the Cadmeia or
citadel of Thebes and became the founders of the noblest families of that
city (Ovid, _Metam._ iii. 1 ff.; Apollodorus iii. 4, 5). Cadmus, however,
because of this bloodshed, had to do penance for eight years. At the
expiration of this period the gods gave him to wife Harmonia (_q.v._),
daughter of Ares and Aphrodite, by whom he had a son Polydorus, and four
daughters, Ino, Autonoe, Agave and Semele--a family which was overtaken by
grievous misfortunes. At the marriage all the gods were present; Harmonia
received as bridal gifts a peplos worked by Athena and a necklace made by
Hephaestus. Cadmus is said to have finally retired with Harmonia to
Illyria, where he became king. After death, he and his wife were changed
into snakes, which watched the tomb while their souls were translated to
the Elysian fields.

There is little doubt that Cadmus was originally a Boeotian, that is, a
Greek hero. In later times the story of a Phoenician immigrant of that name
became current, to whom was ascribed the introduction of the alphabet, the
invention of agriculture and working in bronze and of civilization
generally. But the name itself is Greek rather than Phoenician; and the
fact that Hermes was worshipped in Samothrace under the name of Cadmus or
Cadmilus seems to show that the Theban Cadmus was originally an ancestral
Theban hero corresponding to the Samothracian. The name may mean "order,"
and be used to characterize one who introduces order and civilization.

The exhaustive article by O. Crusius in W.H. Roscher's _Lexikon der
Mythologie_ contains a list of modern authorities on the subject of Cadmus;
see also O. Gruppe, _De Cadmi Fabula_ (1891).

CADMUS OF MILETUS, according to some ancient authorities the oldest of the
logographi (_q.v._). Modern scholars, who accept this view, assign him to
about 550 B.C.; others regard him as purely mythical. A confused notice in
Suidas mentions three persons of the name: the first, the inventor of the
alphabet; the second, the son of Pandion, "according to some" the first
prose writer, a little later than Orpheus, author of a history of the
_Foundation of Miletus_ and of Ionia generally, in four books; the third,
the son of Archelaus, of later date, author of a history of Attica in
fourteen books, and of some poems of an erotic character. As Dionysius of
Halicarnassus (_Judicium de Thucydide_, c. 23) distinctly states that the
work current in his time under the name of Cadmus was a forgery, it is most
probable that the two first are identical with the Phoenician Cadmus, who,
as the reputed inventor of letters, was subsequently transformed into the
Milesian and the author of an historical work. In this connexion it should
be observed that the old Milesian nobles traced their descent back to the
Phoenician or one of his companions. The text of the notice of the third
Cadmus of Miletus in Suidas is unsatisfactory; and it is uncertain whether
he is to be explained in the same way, or whether he was an historical
personage, of whom all further record is lost.

See C.W. Mueller, _Frag. Hist. Graec_, ii. 2-4; and O. Crusius in Roscher's
_Lexikon der Mythologie_ (article "Kadmos," 90, 91).

CADOGAN, WILLIAM CADOGAN, 1ST EARL (1675-1726), British soldier, was the
son of Henry Cadogan, a Dublin barrister, and grandson of Major William
Cadogan (1601-1661), governor of Trim. The family has been credited with a
descent from Cadwgan, the old Welsh prince. Cadogan began his military
career as a cornet of horse under William III. at the Boyne, and, with the
regiment now known as the 5th (Royal Irish) Lancers, made the campaigns in
the Low Countries. In the course of these years he attracted the notice of
Marlborough. In 1701 Cadogan was employed by him as a staff officer in the
complicated task of concentrating the grand army formed by contingents from
[v.04 p.0932] multitudinous states, and Marlborough soon made the young
officer his confidential staff officer and right-hand man. His services in
the campaign of 1701 were rewarded with the colonelcy of the famous
"Cadogan's Horse" (now the 5th Dragoon Guards). As quartermaster-general,
it fell to his lot to organize the celebrated march of the allies to the
Danube, which, as well as the return march with its heavy convoys, he
managed with consummate skill. At the Schellenberg he was wounded and his
horse shot under him, and at Blenheim he acted as Marlborough's chief of
staff. Soon afterwards he was promoted brigadier-general, and in 1705 he
led "Cadogan's Horse" at the forcing of the Brabant lines between Wange and
Elissem, capturing four standards. He was present at Ramillies, and
immediately afterwards was sent to take Antwerp, which he did without
difficulty. Becoming major-general in 1706, he continued to perform the
numerous duties of chief staff officer, quartermaster-general and colonel
of cavalry, besides which he was throughout constantly employed in delicate
diplomatic missions. In the course of the campaign of 1707, when leading a
foraging expedition, he fell into the hands of the enemy but was soon
exchanged. In 1708 he commanded the advanced guard of the army in the
operations which culminated in the victory of Oudenarde, and in the same
year he was with Webb at the action of Wynendael. On the 1st of January
1709 he was made lieutenant-general. At the siege of Menin in this year
occurred an incident which well illustrates his qualifications as a staff
officer and diplomatist. Marlborough, riding with his staff close to the
French, suddenly dropped his glove and told Cadogan to pick it up. This
seemingly insolent command was carried out at once, and when Marlborough on
the return to camp explained that he wished a battery to be erected on the
spot, Cadogan informed him that he had already given orders to that effect.
He was present at Malplaquet, and after the battle was sent off to form the
siege of Mons, at which he was dangerously wounded. At the end of the year
he received the appointment of lieutenant of the Tower, but he continued
with the army in Flanders to the end of the war. His loyalty to the fallen
Marlborough cost him, in 1712, his rank, positions and emoluments under the
crown. George I. on his accession, however, reinstated Cadogan, and,
amongst other appointments, made him lieutenant of the ordnance. In 1715,
as British plenipotentiary, he signed the third Barrier Treaty between
Great Britain, Holland and the emperor. His last campaign was the Jacobite
insurrection of 1715-1716. At first as Argyle's subordinate (see Coxe,
_Memoirs of Marlborough_, cap. cxiv.), and later as commander-in-chief,
General Cadogan by his firm, energetic and skilful handling of his task
restored quiet and order in Scotland. Up to the death of Marlborough he was
continually employed in diplomatic posts of special trust, and in 1718 he
was made Earl Cadogan, Viscount Caversham and Baron Cadogan of Oakley. In
1722 he succeeded his old chief as head of the army and master-general of
the ordnance, becoming at the same time colonel of the 1st or Grenadier
Guards. He sat in five successive parliaments as member for Woodstock. He
died at Kensington in 1726, leaving two daughters, one of whom married the
second duke of Richmond and the other the second son of William earl of
Portland.

Readers of _Esmond_ will have formed a very unfavourable estimate of
Cadogan, and it should be remembered that Thackeray's hero was the friend
and supporter of the opposition and General Webb. As a soldier, Cadogan was
one of the best staff officers in the annals of the British army, and in
command of detachments, and also as a commander-in-chief, he showed himself
to be an able, careful and withal dashing leader.

He was succeeded, by special remainder, in the barony by his brother,
General Charles Cadogan (1691-1776), who married the daughter of Sir Hans
Sloane, thus beginning the association of the family with Chelsea, and died
in 1776, being succeeded in turn by his son Charles Sloane (1728-1807), who
in the year 1800 was created Viscount Chelsea and Earl Cadogan. His
descendant George Henry, 5th Earl Cadogan (b. 1840), was lord privy seal
from 1886 to 1892, and lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 1895 to 1902.

CADOUDAL, GEORGES (1771-1804), leader of the _Chouans_ during the French
Revolution, was born in 1771 near Auray. He had received a fair education,
and when the Revolution broke out he remained true to his royalist and
Catholic teaching. From 1793 he organized a rebellion in the Morbihan
against the revolutionary government. It was quickly suppressed and he
thereupon joined the army of the revolted Vendeans, taking part in the
battles of Le Mans and of Savenay in December 1793. Returning to Morbihan,
he was arrested, and imprisoned at Brest. He succeeded, however, in
escaping, and began again the struggle against the Revolution. In spite of
the defeat of his party, and of the fact that he was forced several times
to take refuge in England, Cadoudal did not cease both to wage war and to
conspire in favour of the royalist pretenders. He refused to come to any
understanding with the government, although offers were made to him by
Bonaparte, who admired his skill and his obstinate energy. From 1800 it was
impossible for Cadoudal to continue to wage open war, so he took altogether
to plotting. He was indirectly concerned in the attempt made by Saint
Regent in the rue Sainte Nicaise on the life of the First Consul, in
December 1800, and fled to England again. In 1803 he returned to France to
undertake a new attempt against Bonaparte. Though watched for by the
police, he succeeded in eluding them for six months, but was at length
arrested. Found guilty and condemned to death, he refused to ask for pardon
and was executed in Paris on the 10th of June 1804, along with eleven of
his companions. He is often called simply Georges.

See _Proces de Georges, Moreau et Pichegru_ (Paris, 1804, 8 vols. 8vo); the
_Memoires_ of Bourrienne, of Hyde de Neuville and of Rohu; Lenotre,
_Tournebut_ (on the arrest); Lejean, _Biographie bretonne_; and the
bibliography to the article VENDEE.

CADRE (Fr. for a frame, from the Lat. _quadrum_, a square), a framework or
skeleton, particularly the permanent establishment of a military corps,
regiment, &c. which can be expanded on emergency.

CADUCEUS (the Lat. adaptation of the Doric Gr. [Greek: karukeion], Attic
[Greek: kerukeion], a herald's wand), the staff used by the messengers of
the gods, and especially by Hermes as conductor of the souls of the dead to
the world below. The caduceus of Hermes, which was given him by Apollo in
exchange for the lyre, was a magic wand which exercised influence over the
living and the dead, bestowed wealth and prosperity and turned everything
it touched into gold. In its oldest form it was a rod ending in two prongs
twined into a knot (probably an olive branch with two shoots, adorned with
ribbons or garlands), for which, later, two serpents, with heads meeting at
the top, were substituted. The mythologists explained this by the story of
Hermes finding two serpents thus knotted together while fighting; he
separated them with his wand, which, crowned by the serpents, became the
symbol of the settlement of quarrels (Thucydides i. 53; Macrobius, _Sat._
i. 19; Hyginus, _Poet. Astron._ ii. 7). A pair of wings was sometimes
attached to the top of the staff, in token of the speed of Hermes as a
messenger. In historical times the caduceus was the attribute of Hermes as
the god of commerce and peace, and among the Greeks it was the distinctive
mark of heralds and ambassadors, whose persons it rendered inviolable. The
caduceus itself was not used by the Romans, but the derivative _caduceator_
occurs in the sense of a peace commissioner.

See L. Preller, "Der Hermesstab" in _Philologus_, i. (1846); O.A. Hoffmann,
_Hermes und Kerykeion_ (1890), who argues that Hermes is a male lunar
divinity and his staff the special attribute of Aphrodite-Astarte.

CADUCOUS (Lat. _caducus_), a botanical term for "falling early," as the
sepals of a poppy, before the petals expand.

CAECILIA. This name was given by Linnaeus to the blind, or nearly blind,
worm-like Batrachians which were formerly associated with the snakes and
are now classed as an order under the names of _Apoda, Peromela_ or
_Gymnophiona_. The type of the genus _Caecilia_ is _Caecilia tentaculata_,
a moderately slender species, not unlike a huge earth-worm, growing to 2
ft. in length with a diameter of three-quarters of an inch. It is one of
the largest species of the order. Other species of the same genus are very
slender in form, as for instance _Caecilia gracilis_, [v.04 p.0933] which
with a length of 21/4 ft. has a diameter of only a quarter of an inch. One of
the most remarkable characters of the genus _Caecilia_, which it shares
with about two-thirds of the known genera of the order, is the presence of
thin, cycloid, imbricate scales imbedded in the skin, a character only to
be detected by raising the epidermis near the dermal folds, which more or
less completely encircle the body. This feature, unique among living
Batrachians, is probably directly inherited from the scaly _Stegocephalia_,
a view which is further strengthened by the similarity of structure of
these scales in both groups, which the histological investigations of H.
Credner have revealed. The skull is well ossified and contains a greater
number of bones than occur in any other living Batrachian. There is
therefore strong reason for tracing the Caecilians directly from the
Stegocephalia, as was the view of T.H. Huxley and of R. Wiedersheim, since
supported by H. Gadow and by J.S. Kingsley. E.D. Cope had advocated the
abolition of the order Apoda and the incorporation of the Caecilians among
the Urodela or Caudata in the vicinity of the Amphiumidae, of which he
regarded them as further degraded descendants; and this opinion, which was
supported by very feeble and partly erroneous arguments, has unfortunately
received the support of the two great authorities, P. and F. Sarasin, to
whom we are indebted for our first information on the breeding habits and
development of these Batrachians.

The knowledge of species of Caecilians has made rapid progress, and we are
now acquainted with about fifty, which are referred to twenty-one genera.
The principal characters on which these genera are founded reside in the
presence or absence of scales, the presence or absence of eyes, the
presence of one or of two series of teeth in the lower jaw, the structure
of the tentacle (representing the so-called "balancers" of Urodele larvae)
on the side of the snout, and the presence or absence of a vacuity between
the parietal and squamosal bones of the skull. Of these twenty-one genera
six are peculiar to tropical Africa, one to the Seychelles, four to
south-eastern Asia, eight to Central and South America, one occurs in both
continental Africa and the Seychelles, and one is common to Africa and
South America.

These Batrachians are found in damp situations, usually in soft mud. The
complete development of _Ichthyophis glutinosus_ has been observed in
Ceylon by P. and F. Sarasin. The eggs, forming a rosary-like string, are
very large, and deposited in a burrow near the water. The female protects
them by coiling herself round the egg-mass, which the young do not leave
till after the loss of the very large external gills (one on each side);
they then lead an aquatic life, and are provided with an opening, or
spiraculum, on each side of the neck. In these larvae the head is
fish-like, provided with much-developed labial lobes, with the eyes much
more distinct than in the perfect animal; the tail, which is quite
rudimentary in all Caecilians, is very distinct, strongly compressed, and
bordered above and beneath by a dermal fold.

In _Hypogeophis_, a Caecilian from the Seychelles studied by A. Brauer, the
development resembles that of _Ichthyophis_, but there is no aquatic larval
stage. The young leaves the egg in the perfect condition, and at once leads
a terrestrial life like its parents. In accordance with this abbreviated
development, the caudal membranous crest does not exist, and the branchial
aperture closes as soon as the external gills disappear.

In the South American _Typhlonectes_, and in the _Dermophis_ from the
Island of St Thome, West Africa, the young are brought forth alive, in the
former as larvae with external gills, and in the latter in the perfect
air-breathing condition.

REFERENCES.--R. Wiedersheim, _Anatomie der Gymnophionen_ (Jena, 1879), 4to;
G.A. Boulenger, "Synopsis of the Genera and Species," _P.Z.S._, 1895, p.
401; R. Greeff, "Ueber Siphonops thomensis," _Sizb. Ges. Naturw._ (Marburg,
1884), p. 15; P. and F. Sarasin, _Naturwissenschaftliche Forschungen auf
Ceylon_, ii. (Wiesbaden, 1887-1890), 4to; A. Brauer, "Beitraege zur Kenntnis
der Entwicklungsgeschichte und der Anatomie der Gymnophionen," _Zool.
Jahrb. Ana._ x., 1897, p. 389, xii., 1898, p. 477, and xvii., 1904, Suppl.
p. 381; E.A. Goeldi, "Entwicklung von Siphonops annulatus," _Zool. Jahrb.
Syst._ xii., 1899, p. 170; J.S. Kingsley, "The systematic Position of the
Caecilians," _Tufts Coll. Stud._ vii., 1902, p. 323.

(G. A. B.)

CAECILIA, VIA, an ancient highroad of Italy, which diverged from the Via
Salaria at the 35th m. from Rome, and ran by Amiternum to the Adriatic
coast, passing probably by Hadria. A branch ran to Interamna Praetuttiorum
(Teramo) and thence probably to the sea at Castrum Novum (Giulianova), a
distance of about 151 m. from Rome. It was probably constructed by L.
Caecilius Metellus Diadematus (consul in 117 B.C.).

See C. Huelsen in _Notizie degli Scavi_ (1896), 87 seq. N. Persichetti in
_Roemische Mitteilungen_ (1898), 193 seq.; (1902), 277 seq.

CAECILIUS, of Calacte ([Greek: Kale\ Akte]) in Sicily, Greek rhetorician,
flourished at Rome during the reign of Augustus. Originally called
Archagathus, he took the name of Caecilius from his patron, one of the
Metelli. According to Suidas, he was by birth a Jew. Next to Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, he was the most important critic and rhetorician of the
Augustan age. Only fragments are extant of his numerous and important
works, among which may be mentioned: _On the Style of the Ten Orators_
(including their lives and a critical examination of their works), the
basis of the pseudo-Plutarchian treatise of the same name, in which
Caecilius is frequently referred to; _On the Sublime_, attacked by (?)
Longinus in his essay on the same subject (see L. Martens, _De Libello_
[Greek: Peri hupsous], 1877); _History of the Servile Wars_, or slave
risings in Sicily, the local interest of which would naturally appeal to
the author; _On Rhetoric_ and _Rhetorical Figures_; an _Alphabetical
Selection of Phrases_, intended to serve as a guide to the acquirement of a
pure Attic style--the first example of an Atticist lexicon, mentioned by
Suidas in the preface to his lexicon as one of his authorities; _Against
the Phrygians_, probably an attack on the florid style of the Asiatic
school of rhetoric.

The fragments have been collected and edited by T. Burckhardt (1863), and
E. Ofenloch (1907); some in C.W. Mueller, _Fragmenta Historicorum
Graecorum_, iii.; C. Bursian's _Jahresbericht ... der classischen
Altertumswissenschaft_, xxiii. (1896), contains full notices of recent
works on Caecilius, by C. Hammer; F. Blass, _Griechische Beredsamkeit von
Alexander bis auf Augustus_ (1865), treats of Dionysius of Halicarnassus
and Caecilius together; see also J. Brzoska in Pauly-Wissowa,
_Realencyclopaedie_ (1897).

CAECILIUS STATIUS, or STATIUS CAECILIUS, Roman comic poet, contemporary and
intimate friend of Ennius, died in 168 (or 166) B.C. He was born in the
territory of the Insubrian Gauls, and was probably taken as a prisoner to
Rome (c. 200), during the great Gallic war. Originally a slave, he assumed
the name of Caecilius from his patron, probably one of the Metelli. He
supported himself by adapting Greek plays for the Roman stage from the new
comedy writers, especially Menander. If the statement in the life of
Terence by Suetonius is correct and the reading sound, Caecilius's judgment
was so esteemed that he was ordered to hear Terence's _Andria_ (exhibited
166 B.C.) read and to pronounce an opinion upon it. After several failures
Caecilius gained a high reputation. Volcacius Sedigitus, the dramatic
critic, places him first amongst the comic poets; Varro credits him with
pathos and skill in the construction of his plots; Horace (_Epistles_, ii.
1. 59) contrasts his dignity with the art of Terence. Quintilian (_Inst.
Orat._, x. 1. 99) speaks somewhat disparagingly of him, and Cicero,
although he admits with some hesitation that Caecilius may have been the
chief of the comic poets (_De Optimo Genere Oratorum_, 1), considers him
inferior to Terence in style and Latinity (_Ad Att._ vii. 3), as was only
natural, considering his foreign extraction. The fact that his plays could
be referred to by name alone without any indication of the author (Cicero,
_De Finibus_, ii. 7) is sufficient proof of their widespread popularity.
Caecilius holds a place between Plautus and Terence in his treatment of the
Greek originals; he did not, like Plautus, confound things Greek and Roman,
nor, like Terence, eliminate everything that could not be romanized.

The fragments of his plays are chiefly preserved in Aulus Gellius, who
cites several passages from the _Plocium_ (necklace) together with the
original Greek of Menander. The translation which is diffuse and by no
means close, fails to reproduce the spirit of the original. Fragments in
Ribbeck, _Scaenicae Romanorum Poesis Fragmenta_ (1898); see also W.S.
Teuffel, _Caecilius Statius_, &c. (1858); Mommsen, _Hist. of Rome_ (Eng.
tr.), bk. iii. ch. 14; F. Skutsch in Pauly-Wissowa, _Realencyclopaedie_
(1897).

[v.04 p.0934]

CAECINA, the name of a distinguished Etruscan family of Volaterrae. Graves
have been discovered belonging to the family, whose name is still preserved
in the river and hamlet of Cecina.

AULUS CAECINA, son of Aulus Caecina who was defended by Cicero (69 B.C.) in
a speech still extant, took the side of Pompey in the civil wars, and
published a violent tirade against Caesar, for which he was banished. He
recanted in a work called _Querelae_, and by the intercession of his
friends, above all, of Cicero, obtained pardon from Caesar. Caecina was
regarded as an important authority on the Etruscan system of divination
(_Etrusca Disciplina_), which he endeavoured to place on a scientific
footing by harmonizing its theories with the doctrines of the Stoics.
Considerable fragments of his work (dealing with lightning) are to be found
in Seneca (_Naturales Quaestiones_, ii. 31-49). Caecina was on intimate
terms with Cicero, who speaks of him as a gifted and eloquent man and was
no doubt considerably indebted to him in his own treatise _De Divinatione_.
Some of their correspondence is preserved in Cicero's letters (_Ad Fam._
vi. 5-8; see also ix. and xiii. 66).

AULUS CAECINA ALIENUS, Roman general, was quaestor of Baetica in Spain
(A.D. 68). On the death of Nero, he attached himself to Galba, who
appointed him to the command of a legion in upper Germany. Having been
prosecuted for embezzling public money, Caecina went over to Vitellius, who
sent him with a large army into Italy. Caecina crossed the Alps, but was
defeated near Cremona by Suetonius Paulinus, the chief general of Otho.
Subsequently, in conjunction with Fabius Valens, Caecina defeated Otho at
the decisive battle of Bedriacum (Betriacum). The incapacity of Vitellius
tempted Vespasian to take up arms against him. Caecina, who had been
entrusted with the repression of the revolt, turned traitor, and tried to
persuade his army to go over to Vespasian, but was thrown into chains by
the soldiers. After the overthrow of Vitellius, he was released, and taken
into favour by the new emperor. But he could not remain loyal to any one.
In 79 he was implicated in a conspiracy against Vespasian, and was put to
death by order of Titus. Caecina is described by Tacitus as a man of
handsome presence and boundless ambition, a gifted orator and a great
favourite with the soldiers.

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